Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) due to their excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and hydrophobicity. This study examines the efficiency of PVDF membranes in an MBR system by assessing key parameters such as permeate flow rate, rejection of organic matter and microorganisms,

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a efficient technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their distinct structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a permeable hollow core and a compact outer layer, provide a large surface area for biofilmdevelopment and optimized separation of contaminants. The high flux achieved with ho